Haifa
Frå Safon.org
Ḥefá (hebr. חֵיפָה [ḥe:'fa:]) eller Haifa (arab. حَيْفَا [ḥajfa:]), er ein by som ligg ved kysten nord i Israel. Byen ligg ved kysten ut mot Middelhavet. Innbyggjartalet er i underkant av 300 000. Byen har vorte kjent som eit godt og viktig eksempel på toleranse mellom ulike religiøse grupper i regionen.
Av industriområde finst Matamparken, eit av dei største industrielle høgteknologiområda i Israel. Her finst forskingsavdelingar til eit stort tal israelske og internasjonale føretak som Intel, Zoran, Microsoft og Amdocs. Ḥefá er òg ein universitetsby med Universitetet i Haifa og Technion, Israel sitt institutt for teknologi.
På Karmelfjellet ligg profeten Báb sin heilagdom og Bahá’í-verdssenteret.
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[endre] Historie
Nærme Ḥefá ligg to holer; den eine av dei blir sett i samband med Elijjá hannabí og den andre med Elisjá. I bibelske tider hørte dette området til sjébet Asjér (Sjofetím 17).
Ḥefá hadde eit jødisk samfunn i Talmúd-tida. Rabbinske autoritetar som budde her var:
- Rebbí Abdimá demín Ḥefá
- Rebbí Jiṣ’ḥák Nappaḥá (oftast kalla rebbí Jiṣ’ḥák i Talmúd jerusjalmí)
- Rebbí Ammí
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The Jews of Haifa make a pilgrimage once every year to the tomb of the above-mentioned rabbi Abdima, which is in their cemetery. From the fifth to the thirteenth century the community was frequently broken up by the numerous conquerors of Palestine, but began to enjoy fairly settled and regular conditions of existence under the comparatively tolerant rule of the Mameluke sultans, at the beginning of the thirteenth century (1221).
In 1084 Elijah ha-Kohen, gaon of Palestine, held a council at Haifa ("J. Q. R." xv. 85). In 1259 R. Jehiel, head of the rabbinical academy of Paris, after making a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, settled at Acre; he died there, and was buried at Haifa. Jacob Baruch, a Jewish traveler from Leghorn, who visited Haifa in 1799, says ("Shibḥe Yerushalayim") that he found a synagogue there. In the middle of the nineteenth century there were but seven Jewish families at Haifa. In 1857 Eleazar Cohen Ḥimsi, a rabbi of Smyrna, who was on his way to Tiberias by way of Haifa, consented to remain at Haifa as spiritual head of the community. He died after officiating twelve years (1857-69). Meanwhile the community was enlarged by the arrival of Jews from Constantinople, Smyrna, Syria, and Morocco. In 1870 Abraham Ḥalfon, a rabbi of Tiberias, but originally from Tetuan, accepted the title of grand rabbi of Haifa, but resigned after one year. Since 1878 two Moroccan rabbis, Mas'ud Haḥuel and Abraham Cohen, both from Tetuan, have acted conjointly as rabbis. About 1882 Abraham Raphael de Léon, originally from Smyrna, acted at Haifa as consular agent of Holland. At the end of 1882 Laurence Oliphant took up his abode at Haifa, which he intended to be the center of the Palestine settlement which he had planned. He found in the town about thirty families who were waiting for government permission to colonize the proposed settlement.
In a population of 4,000 Haifa has 1,000 Jews, who are for the most part poor, and are occupied chiefly with commerce. Some are engaged as carpenters, coppersmiths, blacksmiths, and wheel-wrights. In 1881 the Alliance Israélite established two schools, one of which is attended by 180 boys, and the other by 105 girls.
The community has quite an old synagogue and a bet ha-midrash. One half-hour's journey from Haifa there is a Jewish agricultural colony, Zikron Ya'aḳob, or Zammarin.
[endre] Bibliografi
- Estori Farḥi: Kaftor u-Feraḥ, ed. Luncz, s. 797, Supplement
- J. Baruch: Shibḥe Yerushalayim
[endre] Kjelder
[endre] Lenkjer
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